The Axial Skeletion

Objective: Be able to identify the following bones and the indicated surface markings.

The Skull

Cranial bones

1. Frontal bone
2. Occipital bone
3. Parietal bone
4. Temporal bone
5. Sphenoid bone
6. Ethmoid bone

Facial bones

1. Mandible
2. Maxilla
3. Zygomatic
4. Lacrimal
5. Nasal
6. Vomer

Sutures

1. Coronal
2. Lamboidal
3. Sagittal
4. Squamosal

Surface markings of skull

1. Mandible: coronoid process; mandibular notch; mandibular condyle, ramus, mental foramen
2. Temporal bone: zygomatic process; mandibular fossa; external auditory meatus; mastoid process; jugular forament; carotid canal; internal acoustic meatus.
3. Occipital bone: foramen magnum; occipital condyle
4. Sphenoid: sella turcica, optic foramen, foramen ovale
5. Ethmoid: crista galli; cribiform plate; middle nasal concha
6. Maxillia: infraorbital foramen

Hyoid bone

Vertebrae and Their Surface Markings

1. Distinguish between cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae.
2. Atlas: superior articular facet; transverse foramen; transverse process; inferior articular surface
3. Axis: odontoid process; superior articular surface; inferior articular surface; transverse process.
4. Sacrum:superior articular surface; sacral canal; sacral hiatus; median sacral crest; coccyx.

Bony Thorax

1. Ribs: distinguish true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs
2. Sternum: manubrium; body; xiphoid process